Mood disorders are a group of mental health conditions that primarily affect a person’s emotional state. These disorders can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation, and/or anger, leading to significant functional impairment and disability. Mood disorders are among the most devastating illnesses in psychiatry, with considerable consequences on the quality of life.
The concept of mood disorders dates back to eternity. This long history of emotions and their disorders has been a fascinating journey. As with any history concerned with disease concepts, the conceptual history of mood disorders must be scrutinized through close attention to nosological and diagnostic systems. The shortcomings of the classificatory systems and the current foundations of scientific principles are also addressed.
Mood disorders are composed of depressive and/or manic episodes. The primary mood disorders are major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia). Other mood disorders include premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), cyclothymic disorder, and substance/medication-induced depressive disorder.
Major depressive disorder is diagnosed by the presence of five out of the nine symptoms of sad mood, insomnia, feelings of guilt, decreased energy levels, decreased concentration, appetite changes, psychomotor agitation or retardation, and suicidal ideation. Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of mania or hypomania, which are periods of elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, and impulsivity. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) is a chronic form of depression that lasts for at least two years
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Mood disorders are extraordinarily complex disorders with significant association with many neurologic disorders. Early identification of these mood disorders can prevent significant morbidity and mortality. Advancements in clinical medicine have strengthened our understanding of the associations between neurologic and psychiatric diseases. This article highlights the medications frequently used with newly identified mood disorders and the common side effects of these medications.
The treatment of mood disorders involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics are commonly used to treat mood disorders. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT), and psychodynamic therapy, can help individuals with mood disorders to identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviours. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and stress management, can also help to improve mood and reduce symptoms
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In conclusion, mood disorders are a group of mental health conditions that primarily affect a person’s emotional state. These disorders can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation, and/or anger, leading to significant functional impairment and disability. Early identification and treatment of mood disorders are crucial to prevent significant morbidity and mortality. A combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes can help individuals with mood disorders to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
